In the last two to three years, there have been different impulses at a federal level to deal with the topic of radicalisation in the probation and prison service. An example is the new funding programme of the German Federal Government with the title ‘Prevention and De-radicalisation in Prison and Probation” of the federal programme Live Democracy. The Federal Government supports one project per federal state from 2017 to 2020 to prevent radicalisation in prison and probation. The target group for these projects is juvenile offenders. The global objectives of the programme are: to recognise and prevent radicalisation in prison and probation, to avoid discrimination, to interrupt the radicalisation processes, to support exits and to build networks.

Another example is legal changes at a federal level. Since one year ago, the Federal Republic of Germany changed the criminal law. It is now possible to use electronic monitoring for persons who are preparing a serious act of violent subversion, are financing terrorism or who are supporting a national or foreign terrorist organisation.

An example of how a federal state works with radicalisation is presented below by Lower Saxony.

Probation work with violent extremist offenders in Lower Saxony

In addition to criminal jurisdiction, the public prosecution offices and the law enforcement institutions, the AJSD (agency for criminal justice social work in Lower Saxony) is the fourth pillar of the administration of criminal justice in Lower Saxony. About 450 employees, who perform duties in the fields of probation service, supervision and court assistance, are working in the AJSD.

Although the probation service in Lower Saxony has been dealing with the topic of radicalisation (mostly right and left wing extremism) before, working with religiously motivated violent extremist offenders (VEOs) is rather new. Until now, the number of probationers convicted of terror related crimes is small, but more of them are expected to be released from prison in the near future. Working with this group of people represents a particular challenge for probation officers. VEOs are estimated to have a high risk of reoffending and cause a serious threat to public security. Probation measures, like keeping someone away from certain persons or from certain mosques, are difficult to control by the ambulant means of the probation service.

Moreover, those cases are often already known to the media, which may cause a negative degree of attention around the offender, which is obstructive for the reintegration process. It is a balancing act between the interest of security authorities in the experiences of the probation officers working with a VEO and the professional secrecy as a crucial base of probation work. To enable a trustful working relationship with a VEO, transparency about the reporting commitment and handling of information still has to be ensured.

There is an urgent necessity of combined efforts of different institutions. In Lower Saxony NGOs specialised in exit work can be involved in the assistance of VEOs during the prison term already and continue working with the VEO after release in cooperation with the probation service. A close transition management at an early stage is very important. Several months before and regularly after the release of a VEO, case conferences managed by the State Office of Criminal Investigation take place, involving all relevant stake holders, like police officers of the State Office of Criminal Investigation, prison management, probation officers and representatives of law enforcement authorities. Those conferences are aimed at harmonising tasks and interventions and mutual exchange of information within the bounds of professional secrecy. Meanwhile, every VEO is surveyed before release by a special assessment unit within the penintentiary in Hannover.

To prepare probation officers for working with VEOs and create confidence on dealing with the topic of radicalisation in general mandatory, awareness trainings have been organised in the AJSD. Moreover, two probation officers have attended special trainings in the field of religiously motivated extremism, who serve as contact persons and knowledge multipliers.